Skip to main content

Research Desk · Sources

Every source, organised by page.

The 146 references behind our Research Desk guides, in one place. Each links to the original paper, law or report. Journal entries were read as their PubMed record, from the US National Library of Medicine. Every guide also lists its own numbered sources next to the claims they support.

9 sources

Sunlight and Skin Health

UV, vitamin D, skin aging and skin cancer risk. Read the guide.

  1. World Health Organization. Radiation: Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, questions and answers. 9 March 2016.
  2. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin D: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals.
  3. Statistics Canada. Vitamin D levels of Canadians, 2012 to 2013 (Canadian Health Measures Survey). 2014 (archived fact sheet).
  4. University of Calgary, School of Public Policy. D-fence Against the Canadian Winter: Making Insufficient Vitamin D Levels a Higher Priority for Public Health (J. Zwicker). 2015.
  5. ICNIRP, with WHO, UNEP and WMO. UV Index scale.
  6. Skin Cancer Foundation. Skin Cancer Facts & Statistics (cites Stern 2010, Flament 2013, Hughes 2013, Pfahlberg 2001).
  7. American Cancer Society. Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention of Melanoma Skin Cancer. Last revised 12 August 2026.
  8. American Academy of Dermatology. How to apply sunscreen.
  9. American Academy of Dermatology. 5 common sunscreen mistakes, and how to avoid them.

15 sources

Skin Whitening

Clinical trials, drug labels and the rules in Canada and the US. Read the guide.

  1. International Journal of Dermatology (Baliña and Graupe). The treatment of melasma. 20% azelaic acid versus 4% hydroquinone cream. 1991.
  2. Dermatology Research and Practice (Navarrete-Solís and colleagues). A double-blind, randomized clinical trial of niacinamide 4% versus hydroquinone 4% in the treatment of melasma. 2011.
  3. Journal of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery (Janney and colleagues). A randomized controlled study comparing the efficacy of topical 5% tranexamic acid solution versus 3% hydroquinone cream in melasma. 2019.
  4. British Journal of Dermatology (Mansouri and colleagues). Evaluation of the efficacy of cysteamine 5% cream in the treatment of epidermal melasma: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. 2015.
  5. Dermatology and Therapy (Lekhavat and colleagues). Efficacy and tolerability of 0.2% thiamidol cream for facial hyperpigmentation: a randomized, double-blind, and vehicle-controlled study. 2026.
  6. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology and Photomedicine (Castanedo-Cazares and colleagues). Near-visible light and UV photoprotection in the treatment of melasma: a double-blind randomized trial. 2014.
  7. Frontiers in Medicine (Liu and colleagues). Comparison of the efficacy of melasma treatments: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. 2021.
  8. Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology (González-Molina and colleagues). Topical treatments for melasma and their mechanism of action. 2022.
  9. Tri-Luma prescribing information (via Drugs.com). Tri-Luma (fluocinolone acetonide, hydroquinone, tretinoin) cream: professional drug information.
  10. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA works to protect consumers from potentially harmful OTC skin lightening products. 19 April 2022.
  11. Health Canada. Health Canada reminds Canadians to consult a health professional before using high-concentration hydroquinone products. 25 September 2018.
  12. Health Canada. Health Canada seized two unauthorized ZO Medical skin whitening creams in Toronto. 3 January 2020.
  13. Health Canada. Notice of consultation: Prescription Drug List (PDL): hydroquinone. 1 February 2017.
  14. World Health Organization. Mercury in skin lightening products (information note, WHO/CED/PHE/EPE/19.13). 3 November 2019.
  15. American Academy of Dermatology. Melasma: Diagnosis and treatment. 15 February 2022.

16 sources

Blue Light and Your Skin

Pigmentation, screens versus sunlight, tinted sunscreen. Read the guide.

  1. Journal of Investigative Dermatology (Regazzetti and colleagues). Melanocytes sense blue light and regulate pigmentation through opsin-3. August 2017.
  2. Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research (Duteil and colleagues). Differences in visible light-induced pigmentation according to wavelengths: a clinical and histological study in comparison with UVB exposure. July 2014.
  3. Journal of Investigative Dermatology (Liebel and colleagues). Irradiation of skin with visible light induces reactive oxygen species and matrix-degrading enzymes. February 2012.
  4. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine (Castanedo-Cazares and colleagues). Near-visible light and UV photoprotection in the treatment of melasma: a double-blind randomized trial. December 2013.
  5. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (Duteil and colleagues). Letter, randomized controlled trial. Short-term exposure to blue light emitted by electronic devices does not worsen melasma. December 2019.
  6. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences (Ceresnie, Patel, Lim and Kohli). The cutaneous effects of blue light from electronic devices: a systematic review with health hazard identification. October 2022.
  7. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B (de Gálvez and colleagues). The potential role of UV and blue light from the sun, artificial lighting, and electronic devices in melanogenesis and oxidative stress. February 2022.
  8. Skin Research and Technology (Li and colleagues). Impact of blue light on skin pigmentation in patients with melasma. July 2023.
  9. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine (Ip, Passeron and Rodrigues). Beyond UV: visible light and pigmentation. September 2026.
  10. Dermatology and Therapy (Visser and colleagues). Visible light protection strategies for diverse populations. January 2026.
  11. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology (Grimes and colleagues). Photoprotection efficacy of sun protection factor and iron oxide formulations in diverse skin with melasma and photodamage. July 2025.
  12. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology (Doan and colleagues). Iron oxides in tinted sunscreen for hyperpigmentation: a product analysis and literature review. May 2026.
  13. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine (Ruvolo, Mortillo and Yousefian, all of Beiersdorf Inc). Enhancing photoprotection: assessing visible light photoprotection in tinted inorganic sunscreens. July 2026.
  14. Journal of Biomedical Physics & Engineering (Arjmandi and colleagues). Can light emitted from smartphone screens and taking selfies cause premature aging and wrinkles?. December 2018.
  15. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (Cui and colleagues, Unilever R&D). Topical glutathione amino acid precursors protect skin against environmental and oxidative stress. January 2024.
  16. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine (Krutmann and colleagues). PINGing sunshine: a review of the evidence for adding non-filtering photoprotective ingredients to sunscreens. November 2025.

16 sources

The Rise of Blue Beauty

Plastic, sunscreen filters, washing off, mineral ingredients and the rules. Read the guide.

  1. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (Downs and colleagues, Haereticus Environmental Laboratory). Toxicopathological effects of the sunscreen UV filter, oxybenzone (benzophenone-3), on coral planulae and cultured primary cells and its environmental contamination in Hawaii and the U.S. Virgin Islands. February 2016.
  2. State of Hawaiʻi Legislature. Act 104 (2018): prohibiting the sale of sunscreens containing oxybenzone or octinoxate. 2018.
  3. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Review of fate, exposure, and effects of sunscreens in aquatic environments and implications for sunscreen usage and human health. 2022.
  4. Science (Jambeck and colleagues). Marine pollution. Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. February 2015.
  5. Government of Canada, Justice Laws Website. Competition Act, section 74.01: misleading representations, including representations about the environmental benefit of a product.
  6. Official Journal of the European Union. Directive (EU) 2024/825 empowering consumers for the green transition (generic environmental claims, Annex I point 4a, and application from 27 September 2026). 2024.
  7. Government of Canada, Justice Laws Website. Microbeads in Toiletries Regulations (SOR/2017-111). Registered 2 June 2017.
  8. UNEP LEAP, Law and Environment Assistance Platform (national legislation record). Palau: Responsible Tourism Education Act of 2018 (RPPL No. 1-30, as the record gives it). 2018.
  9. Science of the Total Environment (Guillier and colleagues). Mineral UV filters and their effects on Pocillopora damicornis metabolome. June 2025.
  10. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety (Wen and colleagues). Unveiling zinc oxide nanoparticle toxicity in Symbiodinium kawagutii: proteomic insights and coral reef implications. January 2026.
  11. Aquatic Toxicology (Tang and colleagues). Membrane lipid profiles of coral responded to zinc oxide nanoparticle-induced perturbations on the cellular membrane. March 2017.
  12. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research (Khalid and Abdollahi), via PubMed. Environmental Distribution of Personal Care Products and Their Effects on Human Health. 2021.
  13. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences (Shetty and colleagues), via PubMed. The effects of UV filters on health and the environment. June 2023.
  14. Science of the Total Environment (Scheele and colleagues), via PubMed. Environmental impacts of the ultraviolet filter oxybenzone. December 2022.
  15. Current Problems in Dermatology (Renegar and Dudley), via PubMed. Interpreting Risk from Sunscreens in the Marine Environment. October 2021.
  16. Environmental Science and Pollution Research (Habib and colleagues), via PubMed. Trends of microplastic abundance in personal care products in the United Arab Emirates over the period of 3 years (2018-2020). July 2022.

15 sources

The Plump Effect

Hydration versus structure. Read the guide.

  1. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology (Verdier-Sévrain and Bonté). Skin hydration: a review on its molecular mechanisms. June 2007.
  2. International Journal of Dermatology (Fluhr and colleagues). Restoring skin hydration and barrier function: mechanistic insights into basic emollients for xerosis cutis. April 2025.
  3. International Journal of Dermatology (Szepietowski and Tadini). Basic emollients for xerosis cutis not associated with atopic dermatitis: a review of clinical studies. June 2025.
  4. International Journal of Cosmetic Science (Brandner). Pores in the epidermis: aquaporins and tight junctions. December 2007.
  5. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology (Pavicic and colleagues). Efficacy of cream-based novel formulations of hyaluronic acid of different molecular weights in anti-wrinkle treatment. September 2011.
  6. Archives of Dermatological Research (Muhammad and colleagues). Effectiveness of topical hyaluronic acid of different molecular weights in xerosis cutis treatment in elderly: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. June 2024.
  7. British Journal of Dermatology (Andrew and colleagues, University of Sheffield). Topical supplementation with physiological lipids rebalances the stratum corneum ceramide profile and strengthens skin barrier function in adults predisposed to atopic dermatitis. September 2025.
  8. Current Medicinal Chemistry (Vergilio and Leonardi). Topical formulation with niacinamide combined with 5 MHz ultrasound for improving skin ageing: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical study. 2025.
  9. Journal of Investigative Dermatology (Li and colleagues, Fisher group). Age-associated increase in skin fibroblast-derived prostaglandin E2 contributes to reduced collagen levels in elderly human skin. April 2015.
  10. Journal of Biological Chemistry (Röck and colleagues). Collagen fragments inhibit hyaluronan synthesis in skin fibroblasts in response to ultraviolet B (UVB): new insights into mechanisms of matrix remodeling. March 2011.
  11. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology (Riahi, Bush and Cohen). Topical retinoids: therapeutic mechanisms in the treatment of photodamaged skin. June 2016.
  12. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology (Griffiths). The role of retinoids in the prevention and repair of aged and photoaged skin. October 2001.
  13. Experimental Dermatology (Haftek and colleagues). Clinical, biometric and structural evaluation of the long-term effects of a topical treatment with ascorbic acid and madecassoside in photoaged human skin. May 2008.
  14. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology (Wood and colleagues). A prospective, randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study evaluating the efficacy, safety, and patient satisfaction of tretinoin 0.05% lotion for chest rejuvenation. June 2022.
  15. Dermatologic Surgery (Liao and colleagues; some authors are from the gel’s manufacturer). Efficacy and safety of sodium hyaluronate gel for facial skin rejuvenation. February 2026.

21 sources

Collagen Types

Types I, III, IV, VII and XVII in skin. Read the guide. Type pages: Type I, Type III, Type IV, Type VII, Type XVII.

  1. Chinese Journal of Biotechnology (Li and colleagues; Chinese-language review with an English abstract; some authors are from a health-management company). Roles of different types of collagen in skin aging and their research progress. September 2025.
  2. Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry (Shahrajabian and Sun). Mechanism of action of collagen and epidermal growth factor: a review on theory and research methods. 2024.
  3. International Journal of Molecular Sciences (Shin and colleagues). Molecular mechanisms of dermal aging and antiaging approaches. April 2019.
  4. Der Hautarzt (Brinckmann and colleagues; German-language review with an English abstract). Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. April 1999.
  5. Journal of Investigative Dermatology (Uitto and Lichtenstein). Defects in the biochemistry of collagen in diseases of connective tissue. February 1976.
  6. Journal of Dermatological Science (Hinek and colleagues; two authors are from Human Matrix Sciences, LLC). Sodium L-ascorbate enhances elastic fibers deposition by fibroblasts from normal and pathologic human skin. June 2014.
  7. Journal of Food Science (Won and colleagues; one author is from a health-food company). Pharmacokinetics of collagen dipeptides (Gly-Pro and Pro-Hyp) and tripeptides (Gly-Pro-Hyp) in rats. December 2023.
  8. International Journal of Dermatology (de Miranda, Weimer and Rossi). Effects of hydrolyzed collagen supplementation on skin aging: a systematic review and meta-analysis. March 2021.
  9. Nutrients (Pu and colleagues). Effects of oral collagen for skin anti-aging: a systematic review and meta-analysis. April 2023.
  10. Cureus (Dewi and colleagues). Exploring the impact of hydrolyzed collagen oral supplementation on skin rejuvenation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. December 2023.
  11. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology (Danessa, Notario and Regina). Effects of collagen-based supplements on skin’s hydration and elasticity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2025.
  12. The American Journal of Medicine (Myung and Park). Effects of collagen supplements on skin aging: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. May 2025.
  13. Scientific Reports (Yuenyongviwat and colleagues). Efficacy of combined undenatured type II collagen and hydrolysed collagen supplementation in knee osteoarthritis: a randomised controlled trial. September 2025.
  14. Cell and Tissue Research (Ohto-Fujita and colleagues), via PubMed. Solubilized eggshell membrane supplies a type III collagen-rich elastic dermal papilla. November 2018.
  15. British Journal of Dermatology (Amano and colleagues, Shiseido), via PubMed. Protective effect of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors against epidermal basement membrane damage: skin equivalents partially mimic photoageing process. December 2005.
  16. Pediatric Dermatology (Mumber and Perman), via PubMed. Epidermolysis bullosa classification and current approach to diagnosis. August 2026.
  17. Journal of Clinical Medicine (Tešanović Perković and colleagues), via PubMed. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita: current and emerging treatments. February 2023.
  18. Journal of Dermatological Science (He and Zhuo), via PubMed. Collagen XVIIα1 in skin and hair aging: mechanisms, stem cell niche regulation, and translational strategies. May 2026.
  19. Theranostics (Liu and colleagues), via PubMed. Targeting the stem cell niche: role of collagen XVII in skin aging and wound repair. September 2022.
  20. International Journal of Molecular Sciences (Tuusa and colleagues), via PubMed. BP180/Collagen XVII: a molecular view. November 2021.
  21. Gels (Marchetti and colleagues), via PubMed. From ECM aging to mechanobiological restoration: injectable fillers and dermal fibroblast mechanotransduction, a narrative review. July 2026.

20 sources

Types of Light Therapy

LED, laser, IPL, UVB, PDT and cold plasma. Read the guide. Type pages: LED and red light, Lasers, Intense pulsed light, Narrowband UVB, Photodynamic therapy, Cold plasma.

  1. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (Das and colleagues). Efficacy and safety of at-home light-emitting diode photobiomodulation for facial rejuvenation: a systematic review. October 2026.
  2. Lasers in Medical Science (Bragato and colleagues). Role of photobiomodulation application frequency in facial rejuvenation: randomized, sham-controlled, double-blind, clinical trial. April 2025.
  3. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine (Ngoc and colleagues). Utilization of light-emitting diodes for skin therapy: systematic review and meta-analysis. November 2022.
  4. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology (Mavranezouli and colleagues). Cost-effectiveness of topical pharmacological, oral pharmacological, physical and combined treatments for acne vulgaris. October 2022.
  5. Dermatologic Surgery (Huang and colleagues). Light-emitting diode-based photodynamic therapy for photoaging, scars, and dyspigmentation: a systematic review. November 2020.
  6. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology (Aldraibi and colleagues). Comparative efficacy of photodynamic therapy versus cryotherapy for actinic keratosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. April 2026.
  7. Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas (Carrascosa and colleagues, GEF-CILAD). Narrowband UVB phototherapy in dermatology: GEF-CILAD 2026 update. June 2026.
  8. Sisli Etfal Hastanesi Tip Bulteni (Kaya and colleagues; pilot study of 30 patients). Effects of phototherapy on sleep, fatigue and quality of life in dermatology patients: a pilot study. June 2026.
  9. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Valipour and colleagues). Interventions for mycosis fungoides. July 2020.
  10. Lasers in Medical Science (Park and colleagues). Strategic selection of multi-parametric laser settings and clinical endpoints in dermatology: an engineering-to-clinical review. June 2026.
  11. British Journal of Dermatology (van Zuuren and colleagues). Interventions for rosacea based on the phenotype approach: an updated systematic review including GRADE assessments. March 2019.
  12. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine (Shah and colleagues). Efficacy of lasers and light sources for telangiectasias in the setting of systemic sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus: a review. July 2026.
  13. Lasers in Medical Science (Zappia and colleagues; retrospective study of 50 patients). Use of a nanosecond Q-switched 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser for photoaging management in Asian skin: a retrospective study. August 2026.
  14. Dermatologic Clinics (Campos and colleagues). Lasers for melasma. May 2026.
  15. Cureus (Alhussain and colleagues). Post-acne erythema: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials on the comparative efficacy and safety of interventions across clinical, instrumental, and patient-reported outcomes. September 2026.
  16. Dermatologic Clinics (Haddad). Acne laser devices in dermatology. July 2026.
  17. Infection Prevention in Practice (Namvar Vansofla and colleagues). Cold plasma technology as a novel antimicrobial platform: mechanisms, efficacy, and clinical translation: a systematic literature review. September 2026.
  18. American Family Physician (Ebell and Grad; summary of 2025 patient-oriented studies). Top 20 research studies of 2025 for primary care physicians. August 2026.
  19. NASA Spinoff. NASA research illuminates medical uses of light.
  20. Space Foundation, Space Technology Hall of Fame. Light emitting diodes for medical applications (inducted 2000).

14 sources

Seaweed Types

Brown, red and green seaweed in skin research. Read the guide. Type pages: Brown seaweed, Red seaweed, Green seaweed.

  1. Marine Drugs (Jesumani and colleagues). Potential use of seaweed bioactive compounds in skincare: a review. December 2019.
  2. Marine Drugs (Kim and colleagues). The beneficial roles of seaweed in atopic dermatitis. December 2024.
  3. Antioxidants (Freitas and colleagues). Highlighting the biological potential of the brown seaweed Fucus spiralis for skin applications. July 2020.
  4. Marine Drugs (Susano and colleagues). Unravelling the dermatological potential of a brown seaweed. February 2021.
  5. Marine Drugs (Nour and colleagues). Eco-friendly extraction of phlorotannins from a brown macroalga abundant in Djibouti: identification related to purification methods towards innovative cosmetic applications. December 2024.
  6. Scientific Reports (Hernández and colleagues). Optimization of ultrasound extraction of phlorotannin-rich extract from Dictyopteris justii with tyrosinase inhibition. February 2026.
  7. 3 Biotech (Xie and colleagues). Quantification of 3,6-anhydro-galactose in red seaweed polysaccharides and their potential skin-whitening activity. April 2020.
  8. Archives of Toxicology (Mangoni and colleagues; two authors are from Marinova Pty Ltd). Therapeutic role of fucoidans against oxidative stress: recent developments, translational challenges, and future directions. October 2026.
  9. Marine Drugs (Ingrez and colleagues; some authors are from a seaweed producer and a cosmetics company). Successful combination of ulvans and thermal spring waters from As Burgas (Ourense) for hydrating cosmetic creams in healthy volunteers. August 2026.
  10. Cureus (Unosawa and colleagues; case report). Hypothyroidism due to seaweed overconsumption. February 2024.
  11. Food Chemistry (Dong and colleagues). Impact of harvesting method and advanced post-harvest processing technologies on the potentially toxic trace elements and iodine content of brown seaweed Alaria esculenta. July 2026.
  12. Italian Journal of Food Safety (Suroto and colleagues). Assessment of chemical, heavy metal, and microbiological contamination of Indonesian seaweed-based food products. April 2026.
  13. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice (Thomas and colleagues; letter, abstract not available). Seaweed allergy. November 2018.
  14. Biotechnology Reports (Thong-Olran and colleagues). Seaweed-derived bioactives with anti-tyrosinase activity: a potential for skin-whitening cosmetics. August 2025.

20 sources

Seasonal Skincare

How skin changes through the year. Read the guide.

  1. Skin Research and Technology (Yang and colleagues, 2020). Seasonal variation of skin physiological parameters in 72 women in Kunming across four seasons.
  2. PubMed record (Wei and colleagues, 2016). Winter versus summer skin barrier lipids, hydration and transepidermal water loss on the lower legs of 25 women.
  3. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology (Jiang and colleagues, 2021). Differences in transepidermal water loss, pH and blood flow between winter and summer in sensitive and healthy skin.
  4. International Journal of Cosmetic Science (Izutsu-Matsumoto and colleagues, 2025). Low humidity, barrier function and epidermal proteins in reconstructed human epidermis.
  5. Skin Research and Technology (Park and colleagues, 2023). Randomized split-face study of winter indoor heating and a ceramide cream in Korea.
  6. JMIR (Aframian and colleagues, 2026). Temperature, dew point and dry-skin search interest across US states.
  7. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology (Raynaud and colleagues, 2026). Seasonal skin changes in women aged 55 to 65 in Paris, with and without daily SPF and PPD sunscreen.
  8. Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (Yang and colleagues, 2025). Seasonal attack patterns of atopic dermatitis in 11,585 Taiwanese children.
  9. Journal of Immunotoxicology (Čelakovská and colleagues, 2026). Winter increases in stimulated cytokines in atopic dermatitis patients and healthy controls.
  10. Allergology International (Katoh and colleagues, 2024). Water-only washing versus cleanser in children with atopic dermatitis in summer remission.
  11. Journal of Dermatology (Sardana and colleagues, 2002). Questionnaire study of seasonal variation in acne among 452 patients in Delhi.
  12. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology (Singh and colleagues, 2026). Air pollution and skin disease: systematic review of 77 studies.
  13. Current Allergy and Asthma Reports (Sani and colleagues, 2026). Aeroallergens and the epithelial barrier in atopic dermatitis and chronic urticaria.
  14. International Journal of Cosmetic Science (Pissavini and colleagues, 2013). Real-life delivered sun protection compared with the labelled SPF.
  15. Photochemistry and Photobiology (De Villa and colleagues, 2010). Effect of sunscreen reapplication on the amount applied.
  16. PubMed record (Weber and colleagues, 2012). Winter trials in Hamburg of a cream with glyceryl glucoside, natural moisturizing factor and ceramide in very dry skin.
  17. Skin Research and Technology (Nakamura and colleagues, 2022). Mask-covered cheek transepidermal water loss in 18 Japanese women across seasons.
  18. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Kelleher and colleagues, 2021). Skin care interventions in infants for preventing eczema and food allergy.
  19. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology (Pichon and colleagues, 2025). Serum and barrier recovery after tape stripping followed by 4 °C or 40 °C exposure.
  20. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology (Dumbuya and colleagues, 2021). Ceramide sunscreen with moisturizer, UV-induced erythema, hyperpigmentation and hydration.

This index is general information from the Vanu Health Research Team. It is not medical advice. Some entries describe a paper’s subject rather than quoting its exact title, as noted on the guide that cites them.